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Sains Malaysiana 53(10)(2024): 3327-3340
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2024-5310-08
Analisis Tinjauan SistematikKesan Iklim dan Altitud Tinggi terhadap Variasi DNA Nuklear dan MitokondriaManusia
(Systematic Review Analysis of the Effect of Climate and High Altitude on Human Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA Variations)
SHAHRUL HISHAM BIN
ZAINAL ARIFFIN1,*, LIM KOON SEANG1, INTAN ZARINA ZAINOL ABIDIN2, ROHAYA
MEGAT ABDUL WAHAB3 & RAMZAH DAMBUL4
1School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University
of Cyberjaya, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
3Department of Orthodontics, Faculty Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
4Faculty of
Humanities, Arts and Heritage, Universiti Malaysia
Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Received: 4 June 2024/Accepted: 12 August 2024
Abstrak
Mutasi membolehkan manusia beradaptasi dengan perubahan persekitaran melalui proses pemilihan semula jadi, seterusnya menghasilkan variasi genetik. Perubahan iklim merupakan salah satu penyumbang penting dalam adaptasi dan evolusi manusia. Penyelidikan ini bertujuan untuk menilai secaratinjauan sistematik penemuan terkini mengenai kesan pelbagai faktor iklim ke atas variasi genetik manusia. Analisis tinjauan sistematik dijalankan mengikut garis panduan PRISMA dengan pencarian melibatkan kesemua artikel yang diterbitkan antara tahun 2014 hingga 2024 dari lima pangkalan data elektronik utama iaitu PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, Scopus dan ScienceDirect. Hasil tinjuan mendapati 15 artikel telah memenuhi kesemua kriteria dan dimasukkan dalam kajian ini. Hasil tinjauan juga menunjukkan faktor persekitaran seperti iklim sejuk (suhu -71.2 °C hingga 8.5 °C), iklim tropika, iklim sederhana dan altitud yang tinggi (>2500 m dari aras laut) telah membentuk variasi genetik dalam populasi manusia. Termoregulasi merupakan mekanisme penyesuaian utama dalam kajian melibatkan kesan iklim dan altitud tinggi terhadap genetik manusia. Terdapat10 gen nuklear iaitu UCP1,
UCP2, UCP3, DIO2, FTO, PPARG, PPARGCIA, CIDEA, LEPR dan PRDM16 dikaitkan dengan termoregulasi, manakala5 gen mitokondria seperti MT-ND1, MT-ND2, MT-CYB, MT-ATP6, dan MT-ND5 terlibat dalam kajian penyesuaian iklim sejuk dan altitud tinggi. Gen UCP1 sering dilaporkan beradaptasi dengan iklim sejuk melalui termoregulasi, sementara5 gen mitokondria (MT-ND1,
MT-ND2, MT-CYB, MT-ATP6 dan MT-ND5) pula beradaptasi dengan kedua-dua iklim sejuk dan altitud tinggi. Gen ini berpotensi untuk diaplikasikan dalam memahami mekanisme penyesuaian genetik manusia terhadap iklim.
Kata kunci: Adaptasi; DNA; genetik manusia; iklim
Abstract
Mutations enable humans to adapt to environmental
changes through natural selection, resulting in genetic variation. Climate
change is a significant driver of human adaptation and evolution. This study
aims to systematically review recent findings on the impact of various climatic
factors on human genetic variation. A systematic review analysis followed
PRISMA guidelines, searching for all articles published between 2014 and 2024
in five major electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, Scopus, and
ScienceDirect. The search yielded fifteen articles meeting all criteria and
were included in this study. The findings
indicate that environmental factors such as cold climates (temperatures ranging
from -71.2 °C to 8.5 °C), tropical climates, temperate climates, and high
altitudes (>2500 m above
sea level) have shaped genetic variation in human populations. Thermoregulation
emerged as a key adaptation mechanism in studies examining the effects of
climate and high altitude on human genetics. 10 nuclear genes- UCP1, UCP2, UCP3, DIO2, FTO, PPARG,
PPARGCIA, CIDEA, LEPR, and PRDM16 were associated with thermoregulation, while 5 mitochondrial genes- MT-ND1, MT-ND2, MT-CYB, MT-ATP6 and MT-ND5 were involved in adaptation to cold climates
and high altitudes. UCP1 gene is frequently reported to adapt to cold
climates through thermoregulation. In contrast, 5 mitochondrial genes (MT-ND1, MT-ND2,
MT-CYB, MT-ATP6, and MT-ND5) adapt to both cold climates and high
altitudes. These genes have potential applications in understanding the
mechanisms of human genetic adaptation to climate.
Keywords: Adaptation; climate; DNA; human genetics
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*Corresponding author; email: hisham@ukm.edu.my
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